“All through the eighteenth century, into the early nineteenth, jews in the North were to own black servants. In the South, the few plantations owned by jews were tilled with slave labor. In 1820, over 75% of all jewish families in Charleston, Richmond, and Savannah owned slaves, employed as domestic servants. Almost 40% of all jewish householders in the United States owned one slave or more. There were no protests against slavery as such by jews in the South… But very few jews anywhere in the United States protested against chattel slavery on moral grounds.” ~ ✡Jacob Rader Marcus✡, United States Jewry: 1776-1985, p. 586
As the World Heritage Encyclopedia confirms, Jews were the chief traders in Christian slaves during parts of the Middle Ages. Muslims, of course, dominated the rest of the time. Jews acted as slave-traders in Slavonia, North Africa, the Baltic states, central and eastern Europe, Spain and Portugal, and Mallorca. The most significant Jewish involvement in the slave trade was in Spain and Portugal in the 10th to 15th centuries. As jews were slowly prohibited from slaveholding throughout much of Europe, their practice continued in the Muslim world and across the Atlantic.
It’s time for some fun math. In the 1840 US census, the population was 17,069,453. This includes 2,487,355 slaves. Therefore, the US had a non-slave population of 14,582,098. According to jewish sources, there were approximately 50,000 jews living in the US in 1848. Combining these statistics, we find that Jews were 0.34% of the US population, by a very generous estimate. Just over 10% of these jews were slaveowners. Only 4.5% of whites, however, owned slaves. Jews were therefore over twice as likely to be slaveowners than whites, before the Civil War. Where are the calls for jews to give reparations to Africans for their part in owning slaves? This is just the slave owners. Who owned the ships responsible for the slave trade? For this, we will turn to an excerpt of previous research on the matter.
~:~
With the recorded yearly capture and transport of one million black slaves, it is not difficult to figure that from 1661 to 1774 (113 years) approximately 110,000,000 slaves had been removed from the continent. About ten percent–11,000,000–black slaves reached the colonies alive. The small ship Abigail could accommodate only 56 people, yet its per trip profits were enormous with little or no investment. There were many other ships, but we will concentrate here on only a few, such as the La Fortuna, Hannah, Sally, and the Venue, which made very great profits. The La Fortuna, by the way, transported roughly 217 slaves on each trip. The owner cleared not less than $41,438.00 from such a trip.
The jews of Newport owned about 300 slave-transporting ships, active without interruption, docking at Newport-Africa, Charleston, or Virginia. With these numbers, we can approximate the tremendous earnings which made their way to jewish ship owners. Indeed, of the 600 ships leaving Newport harbor into all the world, “at least half of them” went their way to Africa. The fact that ✡Aaron Lopez✡ had control of over more than half of the combined deals in the Colonies of Rhode Island, with Newport, is well known. Turning to one report of the Chamber of Commerce of the “Rhode Island Colony” in the year 1764, we find that in the year 1723 “a few merchants in Newport” devised the idea to send Newport rum to the coast of Africa. It developed into such a great export that in the matter of a few years “several thousand (hogsheads)” of rum went that way. To which purpose did this rum serve?
I wish to advise you that your ship Ann docked here night before last with 112 slaves, consisting of 35 men, 16 large youths, 21 small boys, 29 women, 2 grown girls, 9 small girls, and I assure you this is such a one rumcargo which I have not yet encountered, among the entire group there may be five to which one could take exception.
Rhode Island contributed the main share of the public documentation regarding the slave trading. Here we find documented the recipients of the numerous shipping letters, letters to the slave dealers, and correspondence to the ships’ captains–who were about 15% jews–living in Newport. Among these we find, for instance, ✡Isaac Elizar.✡ He wrote a letter to Captain Christopher Champlin on February 6, 1763, saying he would like to be an agent for a load of slaves. Then follows ✡Abraham Pereira Mendez✡ and one of the main slave dealers, ✡Jacob Rod Rivera✡–father-in-law to Aaron Lopez. Many more jews follow. What was Aaron Lopez’ primary business? ✡Rabbi Morris A. Gutstein✡ presents him as a “lofty and fine civilian of Newport” who was generous and “made contributions to welfare.” In a great number of published original writings in the Carnegie Institute, we find that Aaron Lopez pursued a tremendous commerce in rum with the African coast in exchange for slaves, shown in a series of letters between Lopez and the captains of the various ships he owned. Besides that, there are similar statements out of letters by Aaron Lopez in the original, which he directed to the Captains Henry Cruger, David Mill, Henry White, Thomas Dolbeare, and William Moore. One letter by Captain William Moore to Aaron Lopez on November 27, 1773 is particularly revealing. Captain Moore writes:
On November 29, 1767, ✡Abraham Pereira Mendez✡–who had been cheated by one of his kind–sailed from Charleston and wrote Aaron Lopez at Newport. Abraham Pereia Mendez was very angry and accused Aaron Lopez of “cheating” him. This letter delineates to us that this generous and fine citizen of Newport was insatiable in his greed for money. This is what caused the Rabbi Morris A. Gutstein to present this nobleman, Aaron Lopez, to pursue his objectionable methods. Africans were nothing but a commodity to him. This, again, is because jews are raised from birth to see non-jews as animals in human form. In all the letters which the Carnegie Institute published, it stresses the lack of sympathy for the slaves. The Carnegie Institute also presents a partial of jew-owned slave ships:
Abigail by ✡Aaron Lopez✡
Crown by ✡Isaac Levy✡ and ✡Nathan Simpson✡
Nassau and Four Sisters by ✡Moses Levy✡
Anne and Eliza by ✡Justus Bosch✡ and ✡John Abrams✡
Prudent Betty by ✡Henry Cruger✡ and ✡Jacob Phoenix✡
Hester and Elizabeth by ✡David Gomez✡ and ✡Mordecai Gomez✡
Antigua by ✡Nathan Marston✡ and ✡Abram Lyell✡
Betsy by ✡Wm. DeWoolf✡
White Horse by ✡Jan de Sweevts✡
Expedition by ✡John Rosevelt✡ and ✡Jacob Rosevelt✡
Charlotte and Caracoa by ✡Moses and Sam Levy✡ and ✡Jacob Franks✡
Slave-runners also owned by jews were the La Fortuna, the Hannah, the Sally, and the Venue. Some of the jews of Newport and Charleston who were engaged in either the distillery trade, slavery trade, or both were: Isaac Gomez, Hayman Levy, Jacob Malhado, Naphtaly Myers, David Hart, Joseph Jacobs, Moses Ben Franks, “Moses Gomez, Isaac Dias, Benjamin Levy, David Jeshuvum, Jacob Pinto, Jacob Turk, Daniel Gomez, James Lucana, Jan de Sweevts, Felix de Souza, Simeon Potter, Isaac Elizer, Jacob Rod, Jacob Rodrigues Rivera, Haym Isaac Carregal, Abraham Touro, Moses Hays, Moses Lopez, Judah Touro, and Abraham Mendes.
~:~
Most “American” slave ships and slave markets were run by jews, but no one blames jews for “American” slavery. If anyone says that anything is “run by jews,” they’re immediately dismissed as an “antisemite” and generally made unemployable. When the transatlantic slave ships docked in Africa to buy slaves, they bought slaves who were already slaves. Muslims and Africans, however, captured free members of rival tribes and took them to the coastal markets to sell to the jews. Whites didn’t go to Africa and kidnap free blacks. Whites, in fact, conducted raids in Africa and the Muslim world, risking their lives to free slaves. From the 16th to the 18th century, Africans enslaved 1,500,000 white Europeans in the Barbary slave trade. Muslims raided the coastlines of Europe–all the way up to the British Isles and Iceland–kidnapping and enslaving white, European Christians. The men were galley slaves and the women were sex slaves. Indios and jews owned black slaves, too. No one assigns collective guilt to the indios or jews. Jews were the biggest slave owners in America per capita. Whites were the first to stop slavery, whereas slavery continues in Africa to this day. In Mauritania, slavery became a punishable offense only in 2007. Less than 2% of whites ever owned slaves. Only 5% of the blacks transported to the Americas came to the United States. Most went to Latin America to serve Spanish and Hispanic owners. Hispanics are not collectively blamed for slavery. The jewish responsibility for the slave trade and slave ownership is not discussed–but rather is projected onto whites as a scapegoat.
That’s... interesting. What do you make of this, then?
DeWolf Family; From 1790 onward, the slave trade of Rhode Island was chiefly in the hands of the brothers DeWolf, who were considered "the most active slave traders in Bristol." The Jewish historians have not explicitly identified the DeWolfs as members of their "race" though others have traced them to apparently Jewish roots. In James Pope-Hennessy's, Sins of the Fathers: A Study of the Atlantic Slave Traders 1441-1807, he states the following:
Miss Abigail married one of her brother's supercargoes, Marc Antoine de Wolfe, a Jew from the French island of Guadeloupe. De Wolf settled down in his wife's home town of Bristol, Rhode Island, and sent several of their eight sons into the slave trade.
The most famous of these, James DeWolf, was tried before a Newport grand jury in 1791, and found guilty of murder for having thrown into the sea a Black woman who had contracted small-pox while on board his ship. By the time the verdict was reached he had already left the state and was later elected to the United States Senate.
Politically, James and his brother John embraced the Republican party and Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson appointed James' brother-in-law, Charles Collins, the reputed part-owner of at least two slavers, to the post of tax collector in two of the busiest slaving ports of Bristol and Warren, Rhode Island. Working in collusion with Collins, George DeWolf dispatched slaver after slaver on illicit voyages -- duty-free. The DeWolfs were not beyond dealing in drugs and are recorded as having invested in hemp, more commonly known as marijuana. James issued these instructions to Jonathon Dennison, the captain of his slaver Ann in July of 1806:
Your having engaged to go a Voyage to Africa in my ship Ann, my instructions are that you proceed with all possible Dispatch direct to Cape Coast, and make Trade at the Place and its Vicinity, and purchase as many good, healthy young slaves as may be in your power to purchase, by bartering away your present Cargo with the Natives; and after compleating your Business in Africa, you will proceed to Mount Video in South America, and there dispose of your slaves, and purchase a return Cargo of Ox Hides and dried beef, and some Tallow and other produce of that Country, such as you may judge will pay a handsome Profit, and after compleating your Business there, you will return home to this Port with all possible Dispatch.
I am sir, Your Friend and Owner, Jas. De Wolf
When the Rhode Island colonial government tried to pass an act which included outlawing the slave trade, John Brown (the founder of Brown University) and John DeWolf, among others, worked to delete that part of the bill. Neither state nor national prohibition could prevent DeWolf from continuing the trade -- he was still sending slaves to South Carolina.
Mark Anthony de Wolf was not a "French Jew form Guadaloupe", that certainly combines a number of possible origin stories of his great-great grandfather Balthazar (alternatively English/Saxon noble, a young Baron of Livonia/Prussia, a Huguenot, a Russian, a Protestant fleeing Catholic Holland, and, to be fair, a Jew fleeing Europe), although it is assumed by most historians that Balthazar was possibly a younger son of ousted Baron de Wolf of Livonia -dissolved in 1500's - and most likely an accepted Englishman of noble blood.
That Balthazar DeWOLF was English appears from his penmanship, which is clearly used by educated Englishmen, and from the family names which are all English. It is also seen in the fact that his children inter-married with those of the best families of the English settlers. A thing which would have been impossible had he not been of English origin.
Mark Anthony was born in Guadaloupe to his father Charles deWolf (Batlathazr's great grandson) and mother Margaret nee Potter deWolf. Source, as Charles founded the Guadaloupe branch of the family. MA married the sister of his first captain, Simeon Potter, Abigail. So "Miss Abigail" did not marry a "French Jew Marc Antoine de Wolfe", she married Mark Anthony DeWolf of the Balthazar DeWolfs of Connecticut, via an Englishwoman Alice and the Livonian noble Balthazar. Either way, Mark Anthony was certainly not French, so it is interesting that the source you mentioned called him that, as a 5th generation person living in the New World. Although, with things being 400 years in the past, nothing is 100%.
Although, with things being 400 years in the past, nothing is 100%.
That’s what infuriates me most about all this shit. Did you know that we don’t even have the population statistics for what would become the midwestern states from before 1812? We had those statistics going back to the early 1700s (when Europeans first started living there), but they were stored at Fort Wayne, which the British burned. Burning historic documentation and scientific data in the fucking seventeenth century. Even shit from only SEVENTY YEARS AGO is shrouded in such fucking mystery that the entire goddamn world believes a lie. How fucking dare we let them do this to us anymore. They completely control the past.
There were very few white settlers in the area prior to 1787. According to Keegan's Fields of Battle, the British forts in the Illinois territory were very small (20 people at most) and the number of settlers even smaller.
Also, I don't remember Fort Wayne burning, it was one of the great victories of the War of 1812 IIRC, as William Henry Harrison force marched his troops to Fort Wayne and relieved the siege form the Pottawatomie, Miami, and British. It was a great victory that led to Harrison's Presidential election a few decades later. What did I miss in my Ohio history classes?
The thing about the DeWolfs is that a rumor that Balthazar was a Jew was never taken seriously, as he ran in the highest of elite circles of the British peerage, and none of his next 5 generations of children ever did anything outside of the Anglican or Espiscopal churches, nor did the next 5 generations.
Shit, it was some fort in Indiana… That’s where the population records were kept while that region was territories (fairly centrally located compared to the five states of today). Fuck, I hope I’m not gaslighting myself, but I went back to the population data source I use and it cuts off at the point I thought it did…
I wonder if there was a fire during the siege of Ft. Wayne that caused the loss of data, BUT they Americans still won the battle. There are always losses in battle. I just never heard that part - but the history of the old Northwest Territory is a definitely neglected area of historical research, maybe that is why!
Okay, here’s another source that says they were burned, but not where. It’s going to bug me (but only me), because it’s something I remember (but which is meaningless to remember), but not remember completely (which is my entire fucking life at this point).
view the rest of the comments →
Tallest_Skil ago
As the World Heritage Encyclopedia confirms, Jews were the chief traders in Christian slaves during parts of the Middle Ages. Muslims, of course, dominated the rest of the time. Jews acted as slave-traders in Slavonia, North Africa, the Baltic states, central and eastern Europe, Spain and Portugal, and Mallorca. The most significant Jewish involvement in the slave trade was in Spain and Portugal in the 10th to 15th centuries. As jews were slowly prohibited from slaveholding throughout much of Europe, their practice continued in the Muslim world and across the Atlantic.
It’s time for some fun math. In the 1840 US census, the population was 17,069,453. This includes 2,487,355 slaves. Therefore, the US had a non-slave population of 14,582,098. According to jewish sources, there were approximately 50,000 jews living in the US in 1848. Combining these statistics, we find that Jews were 0.34% of the US population, by a very generous estimate. Just over 10% of these jews were slaveowners. Only 4.5% of whites, however, owned slaves. Jews were therefore over twice as likely to be slaveowners than whites, before the Civil War. Where are the calls for jews to give reparations to Africans for their part in owning slaves? This is just the slave owners. Who owned the ships responsible for the slave trade? For this, we will turn to an excerpt of previous research on the matter.
~:~
With the recorded yearly capture and transport of one million black slaves, it is not difficult to figure that from 1661 to 1774 (113 years) approximately 110,000,000 slaves had been removed from the continent. About ten percent–11,000,000–black slaves reached the colonies alive. The small ship Abigail could accommodate only 56 people, yet its per trip profits were enormous with little or no investment. There were many other ships, but we will concentrate here on only a few, such as the La Fortuna, Hannah, Sally, and the Venue, which made very great profits. The La Fortuna, by the way, transported roughly 217 slaves on each trip. The owner cleared not less than $41,438.00 from such a trip.
The jews of Newport owned about 300 slave-transporting ships, active without interruption, docking at Newport-Africa, Charleston, or Virginia. With these numbers, we can approximate the tremendous earnings which made their way to jewish ship owners. Indeed, of the 600 ships leaving Newport harbor into all the world, “at least half of them” went their way to Africa. The fact that ✡Aaron Lopez✡ had control of over more than half of the combined deals in the Colonies of Rhode Island, with Newport, is well known. Turning to one report of the Chamber of Commerce of the “Rhode Island Colony” in the year 1764, we find that in the year 1723 “a few merchants in Newport” devised the idea to send Newport rum to the coast of Africa. It developed into such a great export that in the matter of a few years “several thousand (hogsheads)” of rum went that way. To which purpose did this rum serve?
Rhode Island contributed the main share of the public documentation regarding the slave trading. Here we find documented the recipients of the numerous shipping letters, letters to the slave dealers, and correspondence to the ships’ captains–who were about 15% jews–living in Newport. Among these we find, for instance, ✡Isaac Elizar.✡ He wrote a letter to Captain Christopher Champlin on February 6, 1763, saying he would like to be an agent for a load of slaves. Then follows ✡Abraham Pereira Mendez✡ and one of the main slave dealers, ✡Jacob Rod Rivera✡–father-in-law to Aaron Lopez. Many more jews follow. What was Aaron Lopez’ primary business? ✡Rabbi Morris A. Gutstein✡ presents him as a “lofty and fine civilian of Newport” who was generous and “made contributions to welfare.” In a great number of published original writings in the Carnegie Institute, we find that Aaron Lopez pursued a tremendous commerce in rum with the African coast in exchange for slaves, shown in a series of letters between Lopez and the captains of the various ships he owned. Besides that, there are similar statements out of letters by Aaron Lopez in the original, which he directed to the Captains Henry Cruger, David Mill, Henry White, Thomas Dolbeare, and William Moore. One letter by Captain William Moore to Aaron Lopez on November 27, 1773 is particularly revealing. Captain Moore writes:
On November 29, 1767, ✡Abraham Pereira Mendez✡–who had been cheated by one of his kind–sailed from Charleston and wrote Aaron Lopez at Newport. Abraham Pereia Mendez was very angry and accused Aaron Lopez of “cheating” him. This letter delineates to us that this generous and fine citizen of Newport was insatiable in his greed for money. This is what caused the Rabbi Morris A. Gutstein to present this nobleman, Aaron Lopez, to pursue his objectionable methods. Africans were nothing but a commodity to him. This, again, is because jews are raised from birth to see non-jews as animals in human form. In all the letters which the Carnegie Institute published, it stresses the lack of sympathy for the slaves. The Carnegie Institute also presents a partial of jew-owned slave ships:
Slave-runners also owned by jews were the La Fortuna, the Hannah, the Sally, and the Venue. Some of the jews of Newport and Charleston who were engaged in either the distillery trade, slavery trade, or both were: Isaac Gomez, Hayman Levy, Jacob Malhado, Naphtaly Myers, David Hart, Joseph Jacobs, Moses Ben Franks, “Moses Gomez, Isaac Dias, Benjamin Levy, David Jeshuvum, Jacob Pinto, Jacob Turk, Daniel Gomez, James Lucana, Jan de Sweevts, Felix de Souza, Simeon Potter, Isaac Elizer, Jacob Rod, Jacob Rodrigues Rivera, Haym Isaac Carregal, Abraham Touro, Moses Hays, Moses Lopez, Judah Touro, and Abraham Mendes.
~:~
Most “American” slave ships and slave markets were run by jews, but no one blames jews for “American” slavery. If anyone says that anything is “run by jews,” they’re immediately dismissed as an “antisemite” and generally made unemployable. When the transatlantic slave ships docked in Africa to buy slaves, they bought slaves who were already slaves. Muslims and Africans, however, captured free members of rival tribes and took them to the coastal markets to sell to the jews. Whites didn’t go to Africa and kidnap free blacks. Whites, in fact, conducted raids in Africa and the Muslim world, risking their lives to free slaves. From the 16th to the 18th century, Africans enslaved 1,500,000 white Europeans in the Barbary slave trade. Muslims raided the coastlines of Europe–all the way up to the British Isles and Iceland–kidnapping and enslaving white, European Christians. The men were galley slaves and the women were sex slaves. Indios and jews owned black slaves, too. No one assigns collective guilt to the indios or jews. Jews were the biggest slave owners in America per capita. Whites were the first to stop slavery, whereas slavery continues in Africa to this day. In Mauritania, slavery became a punishable offense only in 2007. Less than 2% of whites ever owned slaves. Only 5% of the blacks transported to the Americas came to the United States. Most went to Latin America to serve Spanish and Hispanic owners. Hispanics are not collectively blamed for slavery. The jewish responsibility for the slave trade and slave ownership is not discussed–but rather is projected onto whites as a scapegoat.
cyclops1771 ago
Where did you get that DeWoolf was Jewish?
He most certainly was NOT Jewish.
Tallest_Skil ago
Indeed? Citation?
cyclops1771 ago
I wrote about it here I have done a lot of research on this one.
Tallest_Skil ago
That’s... interesting. What do you make of this, then?
cyclops1771 ago
Mark Anthony de Wolf was not a "French Jew form Guadaloupe", that certainly combines a number of possible origin stories of his great-great grandfather Balthazar (alternatively English/Saxon noble, a young Baron of Livonia/Prussia, a Huguenot, a Russian, a Protestant fleeing Catholic Holland, and, to be fair, a Jew fleeing Europe), although it is assumed by most historians that Balthazar was possibly a younger son of ousted Baron de Wolf of Livonia -dissolved in 1500's - and most likely an accepted Englishman of noble blood.
Mark Anthony was born in Guadaloupe to his father Charles deWolf (Batlathazr's great grandson) and mother Margaret nee Potter deWolf. Source, as Charles founded the Guadaloupe branch of the family. MA married the sister of his first captain, Simeon Potter, Abigail. So "Miss Abigail" did not marry a "French Jew Marc Antoine de Wolfe", she married Mark Anthony DeWolf of the Balthazar DeWolfs of Connecticut, via an Englishwoman Alice and the Livonian noble Balthazar. Either way, Mark Anthony was certainly not French, so it is interesting that the source you mentioned called him that, as a 5th generation person living in the New World. Although, with things being 400 years in the past, nothing is 100%.
Tallest_Skil ago
That’s what infuriates me most about all this shit. Did you know that we don’t even have the population statistics for what would become the midwestern states from before 1812? We had those statistics going back to the early 1700s (when Europeans first started living there), but they were stored at Fort Wayne, which the British burned. Burning historic documentation and scientific data in the fucking seventeenth century. Even shit from only SEVENTY YEARS AGO is shrouded in such fucking mystery that the entire goddamn world believes a lie. How fucking dare we let them do this to us anymore. They completely control the past.
cyclops1771 ago
Hmmm, I don't recall that happening.
There were very few white settlers in the area prior to 1787. According to Keegan's Fields of Battle, the British forts in the Illinois territory were very small (20 people at most) and the number of settlers even smaller.
Also, I don't remember Fort Wayne burning, it was one of the great victories of the War of 1812 IIRC, as William Henry Harrison force marched his troops to Fort Wayne and relieved the siege form the Pottawatomie, Miami, and British. It was a great victory that led to Harrison's Presidential election a few decades later. What did I miss in my Ohio history classes?
The thing about the DeWolfs is that a rumor that Balthazar was a Jew was never taken seriously, as he ran in the highest of elite circles of the British peerage, and none of his next 5 generations of children ever did anything outside of the Anglican or Espiscopal churches, nor did the next 5 generations.
Tallest_Skil ago
Shit, it was some fort in Indiana… That’s where the population records were kept while that region was territories (fairly centrally located compared to the five states of today). Fuck, I hope I’m not gaslighting myself, but I went back to the population data source I use and it cuts off at the point I thought it did…
cyclops1771 ago
Interesting.
I wonder if there was a fire during the siege of Ft. Wayne that caused the loss of data, BUT they Americans still won the battle. There are always losses in battle. I just never heard that part - but the history of the old Northwest Territory is a definitely neglected area of historical research, maybe that is why!
Tallest_Skil ago
Okay, here’s another source that says they were burned, but not where. It’s going to bug me (but only me), because it’s something I remember (but which is meaningless to remember), but not remember completely (which is my entire fucking life at this point).